The environment was major contributing factor to the evolution of Australian art in the 20th century Essay Example For Students

Minimum Wage essays

The lowest pay permitted by law articles An open objection over wages and working conditions prompted the main the lowest pay permitted by law arrangement in the United States. A national the lowest pay permitted by law was made in 1938 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt marked the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The essential objective of the lowest pay permitted by law was to ensure laborers a reasonable compensation. As of late, there has been a lot of discussion and discussion over raising the lowest pay permitted by law. The vast majority tend to expect that when the lowest pay permitted by law is expanded, individuals will profit. They don't stop to think about the results. The accompanying paper presents an outline of different issues. Numerous individuals don't stop to consider the expenses of the lowest pay permitted by law increments. For instance, where does the expansion in compensation originate from? It positively doesnt originate from assessments or government subsidizing. It originates from managers, regardless of whether they are enormous or little. In a discussion in regards to the lowest pay permitted by law increments with a local pastry kitchen proprietor, she the accompanying: I endured the shot totally the first run through; the last time, I raised my costs. The proprietor Angela Constantino utilizes eight individuals at the lowest pay permitted by law. That is the way things work. On the off chance that your expenses go up, youre must pass a portion of that along to the client. I dont pass every last bit of it along. Essentially I attempt to balance a portion of my expenses Angela said. Bosses by one way or another must think of the cash to pay the pay increment. They should raise costs, along these lines, charging all purchasers more, and they may even need to relinquish a portion of their representatives so as to be able to pay the rate climb. The essential explanation the vast majority are happy to expand the lowest pay permitted by law is to help needy individuals. There are numerous examinations that demonstrate that the positive advantages are similarly as various as the negative ones. As indicated by James Kaz, most of the individuals who are paid the lowest pay permitted by law are not poor, but instead an extra pay on the sole p... <! The lowest pay permitted by law articles In America today, there is a national lack of occupations. Past that, there is a disturbing number of Americans who need the government to authorize new laws and guidelines while never thinking what the outcomes might be. There are issues over maryjane sanctioning, littler class sizes, and confinements on organized commerce abroad; many think, That is whats causing a deficiency of occupations, isn't that so? Wrong! The fundamental explanation American entrepreneurs are transporting our low paying occupations and additionally our creation line type employments over to nations like Japan, India, and Bangkok is on the grounds that the central government has set such a large number of restrictions and necessities over what you can and cant pay a specialist for his time that this nation isn't an alluring spot to keep your employments accessible. In this report, I mean to clarify the lowest pay permitted by law strategies and give you a foundation of it. I will at that point present some c larification on what is befalling the entrepreneurs who need to manage the lowest pay permitted by law. Next, I will go short term and since quite a while ago run effects of a potential pay increment. In the wake of addressing a few reasons individuals give for expanding the lowest pay permitted by law, I will introduce a few options in contrast to the present framework and an end. The lowest pay permitted by law is an arrangement of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). This law, which was passed in 1938, set a lowest pay permitted by law of $0.25 every hour and furthermore set principles with respect to extra time pay and kid work. The lowest pay permitted by law increments are passed at the desire of Congress as changes to the FLSA. Today, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) holds a government the lowest pay permitted by law of $5.15 every hour for nonexempt representatives. A business of a tipped worker is just required to pay $2.13 an hour in direct wages if that sum in addition to the tips got rises to at any rate the government the lowest pay permitted by law, the representative holds all tips, and the representative usually and routinely gets more than $30 every month in tips. In the event that a representative's tips joined... <! The lowest pay permitted by law articles The extraordinary researcher Charles Darwin showed with his hypothesis of natural selection that society will endure and individuals will exceed expectations in a world that permits strength, achievement, and adjustment. We can consider this to be in todays society as individuals endeavor to discover better work and get more cash-flow for their families so as to climb through society. The idea of the lowest pay permitted by law impedes this hypothesis since it sets a standard for all individuals to accomplish paying little mind to their drive and experience. Let us take a gander at the fast review of history of the lowest pay permitted by law. First in quite a while presented in 1933 under the New Deal program. Roosevelts counsels built up a National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA). The demonstration suspended antitrust laws with the goal that enterprises could authorize reasonable exchange codes bringing about less rivalry and higher wages. As an early advance of the NRA, Roosevelt pitched a Presidents Reemployment Agreement to raise compensation, make work, and in this way reestablish business. More that 2.3 million understandings were marked, covering 16.3 million representatives. Underwriters consented to a week's worth of work somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 hours and the lowest pay permitted by law of $12 to $15 per week and attempted, with certain special cases, not to utilize adolescents under 16 years of age. At that point in 1836, the Supreme Court, in a progression of choices, discredited both state and government laws conce rning the lowest pay permitted by law. At last, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was marked by Franklin D. Roosevelt and set the hourly the lowest pay permitted by law at 25 pennies. Following decades the lowest pay permitted by law had been raised. In 40s it was raised from 40 pennies an hour to 75 pennies an hour for all specialists and was extended to remember laborers for the air transport industry. A 1955 alteration expanded the lowest pay permitted by law to a $1.00 an hour with no adjustment in inclusion. 1960s stretched out inclusion to state funded schools, nursing homes, laundries, and the whole development industry and the lowest pay permitted by law went up to $1.60 an hour.... <! The lowest pay permitted by law articles An expansion presently will help pay for the most unfortunate laborers without the risk of making greater joblessness., states the New York Times in September 1999. Is this announcement about an expansion in the lowest pay permitted by law truly evident? There are different sides to the discussion about the lowest pay permitted by law that both hold admirable statements. The lowest pay permitted by law is a significant issue in the realm of financial matters and legislative issues. Political figures frequently go after the publics general numbness of financial aspects and guarantee to expand the lowest pay permitted by law. Market analysts ,then again, see the drawn out impacts and see the harm it can cause. David Card and Alan Kruegur, two financial specialists at Princeton University directed an investigation in April 1992 on New Jerseys 18% the lowest pay permitted by law increment while Pennsylvanias the lowest pay permitted by law continued as before. They estimated the adjustment in work in the states drive-through eateries among February and December that year. Card and Kruegur found that the quantity of employments developed in cafés where pay needed to rise, contrasted and those previously paying more than least was and contrasted and joints in neighboring Pennsylvania, where the base didn't change. The investigation likewise found no contrast among high-and low-wage states. A great many people would be charmed to here the abovementioned. They would get more cash and their way of life would increment. However, the vast majority don't consider the negative symptoms of expanding the lowest pay permitted by law. The review taken via Card and Kruegur was done via phone. Individual market analysts charge that the inquiries were dubious and blunders crawled into the numbers. Another investigation was finished utilizing the organizations payrolls found that New Jersey fared far more terrible than Pennsylvania. Constructive outcomes of the lowest pay permitted by law can be the self-evident; more cash for individuals. They would have more cash to spend , the economy would blast and everybody would be glad. Not really; indeed, this would just e... <!

KAAZING

KAAZING INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hey today we are in San Jose with Kaazing and John. John, who are you and what do you do?John: My name is John Fallows and I am the CTO and co-founder here at Kaazing.Martin: Great. What did you do before you started this company?John: Well, prior to Kaazing I was working at Oracle Corporation. I was one of the architects that were responsible for webifying many of Oracle’s applications in their E-business, so during that time our whole team became very familiar with the challenges of building modern web application software at the time. That was around the time that Ajax was incredibly popular and we were responsible for building technologies that made it easier for application developers to take advantage of Ajax without getting caught up in all the technical challenges that that presented.Martin: And how did you make the move from being an employee at Oracle to start your own company? And how did you find your team members?John: So at the time my colleague an d I, Jonas Jacobi who later became my co-founder, we had written a book about the technology that I had been working on. And so by writing this book, we were able to travel the globe, talking at many different developer conferences about technology and so we built up a fairly strong personal brand, the two of us. Being well renowned in the industry for things related to Ajax and other technologies, at the time called Comet that we were responsible for pushing information towards the browser, almost sending information in the wrong direction. So gaining personal brand was very helpful in transitioning to the next phase of creating a corporate brand. So when Jonas and I founded Kaazing, we continued down this path of attending developer conferences and continued to talk about the challenges that were still present in web architecture and many of the solutions that we were able to bring to the table with Kaazing. And the personal brand that we had already build up, pretty much just tra nslated over into Kaazing directly. And this is also a great mechanism to reach the community at large and find people who were interested in joining our mission.Martin: Did you find this idea of Kaazing while you were working at Oracle or, I mean, part time? Or did it just happen when you left Oracle and then said, ‘This is some interesting problem that we should work on’.John: Yeah so actually, we took a little bit of a break in between working in Oracle and starting Kaazing, even spend another brief time at another company in between, both of us. So, this is something that was stemming from this idea of pushing information almost in the wrong direction into browsers and at the time we were getting such a compelling response to attending the various talks that we were providing in these conferences that we felt that the market was having some demand. We even had on several occasions, someone come up to us after our presentation where we would do demos and they would say, ‘I would like to buy your demo’ and of course it’s just demo so you don’t really want to sell it, but it gives you an indication of how compelling this was and how interesting it was to other people.Martin: Did you bootstrapp until some specific point or did you raise external funding for the building the company?John: We raised money from angel investors in the early days to help us get started. And then we used that to continue to fund the company, to build up product line and then to segway into institutional funding afterwards. So now, NEA is a investor in the company, CNTP is an investor in the company and we get a lot of guidance from them from the board membership that they have and helping us steer the company forward.BUSINESS MODELMartin: John, let’s talk about the business model. So can you give us a brief overview in terms of what customers are you serving, what type of value proposition, and what is the pricing structure behind it?John: Certainly. So fundamentally, when we started the company we were about making the web much more interactive, much moreâ€"we’d say real time back then, real time web fully interactive. And so various different markets have different needs in that space. The market that we got interested in tapping early on was the financial services industry. So, they have a requirement to build training applications and so they needed a better latency over the web, they needed the centralized deployment so they needed to use web technology and they were able to use our solution to achieve that. Now, financial services companies, banks and so forth are especially back then, very keen on the perpetual license. And here we were we were a new company, we were providing revolutionary technology and we knew that we wanted to do the subscription model approach but we found it very challenging to break into the financial services with subscription. So in the early days we actually moved to change our approach, our original thinking a nd we moved to perpetual for the early days and that allowed us to land us some fairly sizable accounts in financial accounts in financial services but it was perpetual license with maintenance and upgrades and yearly maintenance after that. So if you fast forward a little bit to more recent times, we found it easier to transition into the subscription model which is incredibly valuable to our company health, corporate health. And it also allows people to try and not necessarilyâ€"they can try things out and see how much they want to buy into and automatically scale up, pay more instantly, things like that. So our subscription model still applies to own premise, it also applies to the cloud like Amazon where elastic scalability is so important for our demand scaling. We have also found that it’s important from an investment thesis standpoint, valuation of a company is deemed more valuable, the more recurring revenue you have that you don’t have to spend more money to get the sam e amount of return the following years, so that’s valuable as well.Martin: So you started with a financial industry and then you added other verticalsJohn: Yeah, so we found that beyond financial services whoâ€"they have a large volume and rate of information to deal with weve certainly being highly relevant to other spaces that are parallel to that such as: online gaming or online betting is very popular in Europe; and also transportation and logistics for information that is highly relevant in the moment, whether it’s gate changes or whether it’s tracking assets like trucks delivering packages, knowing where the trucks are and knowing where the packages are, rerouting the trucks, things like that. These are all recurring style used cases that we found many customers want to use.Martin: And what does your software really do? Imagine, I am logistic company and you come to me, pitch and tell me what is your software solving?John: So, the simplest way to put it I would say is, we’re getting the web out of the way. So if you look back, and I mentioned early where we came from in terms of the architecture strategies that are in place, we are making the web feel more interactive, feel more real time. A lot of energy typically gets put into building prototypes for web applications and whenever the prototypes are finished there are necessary additional steps to go beyond the prototype to get to high availability, disaster recovery, scaling out across the globe for example. With traditional style architecture as you go from one step to the other, you typically are invalidating some design choices that you made in the previous step, so it becomes increasingly more complicated. So what we are really doing is we’re taking advantage of all the pain that we’ve already felt and understood and we’ve moved a lot of the complexities involved kind of underneath the line. So when you finish developing your prototype, the incremental effort to go all the way to hig h availability, disaster recovery, and global scale out, these are all very large benefit’s but small steps in terms of effort because of where you started, so it becomes much easier in terms of value proposition. And what we what found is that that’s all very easy to do and the reason why people want to do it is because what they end up with is simpler more cost-effective architectures that can do more than what they can do before. So we see that, applications that people are building, you hear a lot about things like internet of things, internet of everything, but what it really comes down to is that we are living in a much more connected world. And just as in real life, we are reacting to one another with stimulus, just as you are asking me a question, I am providing you an answer and this is continuing, this is how the applications are evolving. So applications in general, they are becoming more closely modeled to real life because they are interacting with us more and more and the information that they provide that allows us to make good decisions or interact with the world we live in, needs to be done in a more timely way. And there are no rules about what direction the information needs to go in so the concept of a client or a server is very blurred. This concept of only getting a response when you make a request is a little updated now to be able to satisfy the need of that. So, we make all of this interaction very possible. And the other part about these architecture is that they are spread out over the web at large. So they are very geographically distributed, the pieces of the architecture are spread out; the people are spread out; the things are spread out, the data centers, the services inside the data services, they are all spread out from one another. So typically, the web is in the way for some number of these connections that are present in the logical flow of information. So what we are really doing then is we’re getting the web out of the way so that it’s just as easy to architect those kinds of solution as it would be if you are running every inside of your own data center whether there is no web in line.Martin: Imagine, I am a developer of a website or a specific mobile program. I totally understand that once I have developed this and used this service that I can scale more easily without changing very much on the code that I have written. Is there anything else? Because this is something like a server company who is providing some kind of addition backend structure which helps me scale.John: Well, a lot of times people are building applications that when it’s time to scale and the solution is just more hardware added. What we are really talking about is getting more out of the underlying hardware. So, we are eliminating parts of the architecture where people would write application code to glue two of the layers together. Those are the places where the scalability is challenged typically, so we are address ing that eliminating the need for the glue code and creating a fabric that permeate everywhere. That allows us to optimize all the pieces where the is no need to have true application code as they used to and just have the services on the edges and the application user experience on the edges and everything is interacting in a very efficient way. So, if I am building new application then I need to think about it in a different way, I can’t just think about it as a go make a request and I get a response. That type of thinking comes from the days in which the web was born. The web was born as a way to share research papers between university professors and there were much slower networks back then and so there was a heavy emphasis of caching to not waste the network and make it unbearably slow and the rate of change of that information is quite slow, so compared to today’s standard. So as you fast forward and continue to try to use that same tool for the job it has it’s very str ong strengths related to being able to fetch documents and cache them effectively but it may not as be as well suited for these new styles of interaction pattern that we need.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Let’s talk about corporate strategy. What do you perceive Kaazing’s competitive advantage?John: As we compare ourselves in the market place, the way we think about solving these technical challenges is that we tend to divide the product up into layers. So just like good engineering we use the right tool for the job, we put the solution in the right layer of the architecture, having this all layered out nicely gives us unexpected benefits whenever we find that we can out these layers together in new and interesting way. And so I think our competitive advantage on the product line is, we have a high emphasis on performance and scalability and security, starting out in financial services that is not the easiest market to break into. We had a real value to real pain point that they nee ded a solution for but being successful in there really forces you to have a very strong performance scalability, have a very strong security story. And so, starting in that market was difficult but coming from there and coming into other markets we are very naturally strong by definition of where we came from. So, that’s a good competitive edge for us in the market place. The way we think about this stuff, making it possible to put in layers together in different way is also very powerful. For example, we have a feature that we call enterprise shield and that lets us shut down all the firewall ports between the DMZ and the internal trusted network so that no inbound communication is permitted. Now, there are many ways you could try to approach that technically but what we’ve done is we’ve really just changed what’s happening in the lower most layer where connectivity is being established and everything on top is blissfully unaware that that has happened underneath. So this is what I mean by, we are solving it in a layered way but we don’t require, this reaching in across the layers to solve these problems in an efficient manner, we have isolated it to the right layers. That’s from a product standpoint. But I also think that from a philosophical standpoint, the way that we approach things is that we, we tend to not rush into the simplest shortest term win. We tend to want to always understand where our compass is pointing to know where we will likely end up base on what we know now. And so whenever we make a step forward, we generally do that with the intention of aiming it towards a goal that may be 5 or 6 steps farther ahead. Now at the same time, as you make these steps you don’t know what you are going to learn until you’ve try them. And so, whenever we’re moving forward we are also very keen to iterate on learning on what we’ve done and see if it affects where we want to end up. So it’s based on what we’ve learnt and the sum of all of our knowledge so far which is including the experience on the journey towards where we had planned to go. So that’s baked into the DNA of Kaazing and also I would say that within the organization, whenever we talk about things, we don’t come out of a perspective that it’s right or wrong because of who says it. It is very much a way of thinking about things out loud, it’s a safe environment to disagree but it is very important that when you disagree you are able to articulate why. And that gives the conversation an opportunity to spiral upwards towards a common solution that everyone can get behind and not only that but it’s justified and so now we have a very clear understanding of where we are going and why and now it’s clearer how to take the first step and why.Martin: So rational decision-making.John: Yeah, absolutely.Martin: Like we learned it at the universityJohn: Absolutely, absolutely. I applied it in the business context and you know I’ve been in other sit uations where that doesn’t get applied because you can take the logic all the way up to the finish line and say, ‘Well actually we’re going to do something else based on other criteria. And I think it’s very valuable to sort of fold that into the decision-making process and then trust the outcome.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: When you think about the market development, related to what you call glue, so it’s something that has some kind of scalability but it’s not directly connected to the server and what trends can you identify? Can you give us some sort of overview of how the market works, in terms of growth and size as well?John: Well I think, there is these reports about 60 billion connected devices by 2020 and that is talking about the internet of things. But the thing that will make internet of things a reality are the applications that can be built to connect all of those pieces together and so if developers want to move quickly and they want to be able to create thes e new breeds of applications, they need stuff that’s not going to get in their way when they are trying to tie it all together. So that’s why we think that this concept of glue code is really something that really needs to go away and naturally falls away. It’s good to be able to think of architecture in a simpler way. When we talk about those kind of applications, there’s also more modern trends about how to describe the nature of those applications so we tend to think about these applications now as what we call reactive applications, there’s even a reactive manifesto that’s out there.Martin: What’s that?John: It’s trying to describe the context in which an application is running; trying to describe the characteristics of an application that is reacting to stimulus and made up of many disparate pieces; it’s likely message-driven so that it’s responding to stimulus and producing stimulus; and this is all distributed, elastically scalable, and so forth. So this i s an interesting way of thinking about application design and application architecture so that you can evolve these applications over time without being able to turn the whole thing off and switch it on again. You need the ability to evolve the pieces independent of the whole. So this all makes a lot of sense but it hasn’t been how web application development have been thought of historically. So we obviously see a lot of value in this direction and we anticipate that it will continue, to be honest it feels a lot like the early days of Ajax at the moment with reactive applications.Martin: Okay, great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS In San Jose (CA), we meet CTO co-founder of KAAZING, John Fallows. He shares his story how he co-founded this startup and how the current business model works, as well as what the current plans for near future, and some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcription of the interview is uploaded below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hey today we are in San Jose with Kaazing and John. John, who are you and what do you do?John: My name is John Fallows and I am the CTO and co-founder here at Kaazing.Martin: Great. What did you do before you started this company?John: Well, prior to Kaazing I was working at Oracle Corporation. I was one of the architects that were responsible for webifying many of Oracle’s applications in their E-business, so during that time our whole team became very familiar with the challenges of building modern web application software at the time. That was around the time that Ajax was incredibly popular and we were responsible for building technologies that made it easier for application developers to take advantage of Ajax without getting caught up in all the technical challenges that that presented.Martin: And how did you make the move from being an employee at Oracle to start your own company? And how did you find your team members?John: So at the time my colleague and I, Jonas Jacobi who later became my co-founder, we had written a book about the technology that I had been working on. And so by writing this book, we were able to travel the globe, talking at many different developer conferences about technology and so we built up a fairly strong personal brand, the two of us. Being well renowned in the industry for things related to Ajax and other technologies, at the time called Comet that we were responsible for pushing information towards the browser, almost sending information in the wrong direction. So gaining personal brand was very helpful in transitioning to the next phase of creating a corporate brand. So when Jonas and I founded Kaazing , we continued down this path of attending developer conferences and continued to talk about the challenges that were still present in web architecture and many of the solutions that we were able to bring to the table with Kaazing. And the personal brand that we had already build up, pretty much just translated over into Kaazing directly. And this is also a great mechanism to reach the community at large and find people who were interested in joining our mission.Martin: Did you find this idea of Kaazing while you were working at Oracle or, I mean, part time? Or did it just happen when you left Oracle and then said, ‘This is some interesting problem that we should work on’.John: Yeah so actually, we took a little bit of a break in between working in Oracle and starting Kaazing, even spend another brief time at another company in between, both of us. So, this is something that was stemming from this idea of pushing information almost in the wrong direction into browsers and at the time we were getting such a compelling response to attending the various talks that we were providing in these conferences that we felt that the market was having some demand. We even had on several occasions, someone come up to us after our presentation where we would do demos and they would say, ‘I would like to buy your demo’ and of course it’s just demo so you don’t really want to sell it, but it gives you an indication of how compelling this was and how interesting it was to other people.Martin: Did you bootstrapp until some specific point or did you raise external funding for the building the company?John: We raised money from angel investors in the early days to help us get started. And then we used that to continue to fund the company, to build up product line and then to segway into institutional funding afterwards. So now, NEA is a investor in the company, CNTP is an investor in the company and we get a lot of guidance from them from the board membership that they have and helping us steer the company forward.BUSINESS MODELMartin: John, let’s talk about the business model. So can you give us a brief overview in terms of what customers are you serving, what type of value proposition, and what is the pricing structure behind it?John: Certainly. So fundamentally, when we started the company we were about making the web much more interactive, much moreâ€"we’d say real time back then, real time web fully interactive. And so various different markets have different needs in that space. The market that we got interested in tapping early on was the financial services industry. So, they have a requirement to build training applications and so they needed a better latency over the web, they needed the centralized deployment so they needed to use web technology and they were able to use our solution to achieve that. Now, financial services companies, banks and so forth are especially back then, very keen on the perpetual license. And here we were w e were a new company, we were providing revolutionary technology and we knew that we wanted to do the subscription model approach but we found it very challenging to break into the financial services with subscription. So in the early days we actually moved to change our approach, our original thinking and we moved to perpetual for the early days and that allowed us to land us some fairly sizable accounts in financial accounts in financial services but it was perpetual license with maintenance and upgrades and yearly maintenance after that. So if you fast forward a little bit to more recent times, we found it easier to transition into the subscription model which is incredibly valuable to our company health, corporate health. And it also allows people to try and not necessarilyâ€"they can try things out and see how much they want to buy into and automatically scale up, pay more instantly, things like that. So our subscription model still applies to own premise, it also applies to th e cloud like Amazon where elastic scalability is so important for our demand scaling. We have also found that it’s important from an investment thesis standpoint, valuation of a company is deemed more valuable, the more recurring revenue you have that you don’t have to spend more money to get the same amount of return the following years, so that’s valuable as well.Martin: So you started with a financial industry and then you added other verticalsJohn: Yeah, so we found that beyond financial services whoâ€"they have a large volume and rate of information to deal with weve certainly being highly relevant to other spaces that are parallel to that such as: online gaming or online betting is very popular in Europe; and also transportation and logistics for information that is highly relevant in the moment, whether it’s gate changes or whether it’s tracking assets like trucks delivering packages, knowing where the trucks are and knowing where the packages are, rerouting the tr ucks, things like that. These are all recurring style used cases that we found many customers want to use.Martin: And what does your software really do? Imagine, I am logistic company and you come to me, pitch and tell me what is your software solving?John: So, the simplest way to put it I would say is, we’re getting the web out of the way. So if you look back, and I mentioned early where we came from in terms of the architecture strategies that are in place, we are making the web feel more interactive, feel more real time. A lot of energy typically gets put into building prototypes for web applications and whenever the prototypes are finished there are necessary additional steps to go beyond the prototype to get to high availability, disaster recovery, scaling out across the globe for example. With traditional style architecture as you go from one step to the other, you typically are invalidating some design choices that you made in the previous step, so it becomes increasingly m ore complicated. So what we are really doing is we’re taking advantage of all the pain that we’ve already felt and understood and we’ve moved a lot of the complexities involved kind of underneath the line. So when you finish developing your prototype, the incremental effort to go all the way to high availability, disaster recovery, and global scale out, these are all very large benefit’s but small steps in terms of effort because of where you started, so it becomes much easier in terms of value proposition. And what we what found is that that’s all very easy to do and the reason why people want to do it is because what they end up with is simpler more cost-effective architectures that can do more than what they can do before. So we see that, applications that people are building, you hear a lot about things like internet of things, internet of everything, but what it really comes down to is that we are living in a much more connected world. And just as in real life, we are reacting to one another with stimulus, just as you are asking me a question, I am providing you an answer and this is continuing, this is how the applications are evolving. So applications in general, they are becoming more closely modeled to real life because they are interacting with us more and more and the information that they provide that allows us to make good decisions or interact with the world we live in, needs to be done in a more timely way. And there are no rules about what direction the information needs to go in so the concept of a client or a server is very blurred. This concept of only getting a response when you make a request is a little updated now to be able to satisfy the need of that. So, we make all of this interaction very possible. And the other part about these architecture is that they are spread out over the web at large. So they are very geographically distributed, the pieces of the architecture are spread out; the people are spread out; the things are spread out, the data centers, the services inside the data services, they are all spread out from one another. So typically, the web is in the way for some number of these connections that are present in the logical flow of information. So what we are really doing then is we’re getting the web out of the way so that it’s just as easy to architect those kinds of solution as it would be if you are running every inside of your own data center whether there is no web in line.Martin: Imagine, I am a developer of a website or a specific mobile program. I totally understand that once I have developed this and used this service that I can scale more easily without changing very much on the code that I have written. Is there anything else? Because this is something like a server company who is providing some kind of addition backend structure which helps me scale.John: Well, a lot of times people are building applications that when it’s time to scale and the solution is just more hard ware added. What we are really talking about is getting more out of the underlying hardware. So, we are eliminating parts of the architecture where people would write application code to glue two of the layers together. Those are the places where the scalability is challenged typically, so we are addressing that eliminating the need for the glue code and creating a fabric that permeate everywhere. That allows us to optimize all the pieces where the is no need to have true application code as they used to and just have the services on the edges and the application user experience on the edges and everything is interacting in a very efficient way. So, if I am building new application then I need to think about it in a different way, I can’t just think about it as a go make a request and I get a response. That type of thinking comes from the days in which the web was born. The web was born as a way to share research papers between university professors and there were much slower netw orks back then and so there was a heavy emphasis of caching to not waste the network and make it unbearably slow and the rate of change of that information is quite slow, so compared to today’s standard. So as you fast forward and continue to try to use that same tool for the job it has it’s very strong strengths related to being able to fetch documents and cache them effectively but it may not as be as well suited for these new styles of interaction pattern that we need.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Let’s talk about corporate strategy. What do you perceive Kaazing’s competitive advantage?John: As we compare ourselves in the market place, the way we think about solving these technical challenges is that we tend to divide the product up into layers. So just like good engineering we use the right tool for the job, we put the solution in the right layer of the architecture, having this all layered out nicely gives us unexpected benefits whenever we find that we can out these layers together in new and interesting way. And so I think our competitive advantage on the product line is, we have a high emphasis on performance and scalability and security, starting out in financial services that is not the easiest market to break into. We had a real value to real pain point that they needed a solution for but being successful in there really forces you to have a very strong performance scalability, have a very strong security story. And so, starting in that market was difficult but coming from there and coming into other markets we are very naturally strong by definition of where we came from. So, that’s a good competitive edge for us in the market place. The way we think about this stuff, making it possible to put in layers together in different way is also very powerful. For example, we have a feature that we call enterprise shield and that lets us shut down all the firewall ports between the DMZ and the internal trusted network so that no inbound communication is permitted. Now, there are many ways you could try to approach that technically but what we’ve done is we’ve really just changed what’s happening in the lower most layer where connectivity is being established and everything on top is blissfully unaware that that has happened underneath. So this is what I mean by, we are solving it in a layered way but we don’t require, this reaching in across the layers to solve these problems in an efficient manner, we have isolated it to the right layers. That’s from a product standpoint. But I also think that from a philosophical standpoint, the way that we approach things is that we, we tend to not rush into the simplest shortest term win. We tend to want to always understand where our compass is pointing to know where we will likely end up base on what we know now. And so whenever we make a step forward, we generally do that with the intention of aiming it towards a goal that may be 5 or 6 steps farther ahead. Now at the same time, as you make these steps you don’t know what you are going to learn until you’ve try them. And so, whenever we’re moving forward we are also very keen to iterate on learning on what we’ve done and see if it affects where we want to end up. So it’s based on what we’ve learnt and the sum of all of our knowledge so far which is including the experience on the journey towards where we had planned to go. So that’s baked into the DNA of Kaazing and also I would say that within the organization, whenever we talk about things, we don’t come out of a perspective that it’s right or wrong because of who says it. It is very much a way of thinking about things out loud, it’s a safe environment to disagree but it is very important that when you disagree you are able to articulate why. And that gives the conversation an opportunity to spiral upwards towards a common solution that everyone can get behind and not only that but it’s justified and so now we have a very clear unde rstanding of where we are going and why and now it’s clearer how to take the first step and why.Martin: So rational decision-making.John: Yeah, absolutely.Martin: Like we learned it at the universityJohn: Absolutely, absolutely. I applied it in the business context and you know I’ve been in other situations where that doesn’t get applied because you can take the logic all the way up to the finish line and say, ‘Well actually we’re going to do something else based on other criteria. And I think it’s very valuable to sort of fold that into the decision-making process and then trust the outcome.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: When you think about the market development, related to what you call glue, so it’s something that has some kind of scalability but it’s not directly connected to the server and what trends can you identify? Can you give us some sort of overview of how the market works, in terms of growth and size as well?John: Well I think, there is these reports about 60 billion connected devices by 2020 and that is talking about the internet of things. But the thing that will make internet of things a reality are the applications that can be built to connect all of those pieces together and so if developers want to move quickly and they want to be able to create these new breeds of applications, they need stuff that’s not going to get in their way when they are trying to tie it all together. So that’s why we think that this concept of glue code is really something that really needs to go away and naturally falls away. It’s good to be able to think of architecture in a simpler way. When we talk about those kind of applications, there’s also more modern trends about how to describe the nature of those applications so we tend to think about these applications now as what we call reactive applications, there’s even a reactive manifesto that’s out there.Martin: What’s that?John: It’s trying to describe the context in which an applicat ion is running; trying to describe the characteristics of an application that is reacting to stimulus and made up of many disparate pieces; it’s likely message-driven so that it’s responding to stimulus and producing stimulus; and this is all distributed, elastically scalable, and so forth. So this is an interesting way of thinking about application design and application architecture so that you can evolve these applications over time without being able to turn the whole thing off and switch it on again. You need the ability to evolve the pieces independent of the whole. So this all makes a lot of sense but it hasn’t been how web application development have been thought of historically. So we obviously see a lot of value in this direction and we anticipate that it will continue, to be honest it feels a lot like the early days of Ajax at the moment with reactive applications.Martin: Okay, great.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURSMartin: John, imagine if a friend comes to you and asks you , ‘John, what should and shouldn’t I do when I start a company?’. What would you recommend to him?John: I think the first thing I would say isâ€"I think it was Guy Kawasaki said this, ‘Scratch your own itch’. So the whole concept of finding something that is a problem for you personally that you really want to solve, so solve for yourself. So in our case, we had been going at these web architectures and constantly fighting against the challenges and the constraints in which success was defined based on those available choices. And we finally said, Let’s challenge the own concept and turn it on it’s head and introduce the new standard that we needed up helping to create called web socket; let’s create full duplex by directional communication over the web; lets use it as a foundational layer to service all the layer above; and really stop adding all these work arounds where we are trying to retrafit old techniques to new problem and space. So I think that would be the first thing as to what to do.What not to do, I think it’s important to have a balanced approach so in the sense that technical innovation is important, your go to market strategy is also important. Some companies may heavily emphasize on one or the other. I think, I would recommend not over extending either one and having a much more balanced approach to knowing how customers are actually going to achieve value from what you are doing. So clearly, there can be technical optimizations in any solution. It is possible to market something very successfully and then possibly not be defensible technically. So I think it’s very important to have a good balance of both of those.Martin: What mistakes have you made over the last 3 ro 4 years and what have you learnt?John: Oh, That could take a long time. Let’s see, I would say early on we did it the hard way. So many companies whenever they approach these opportunities they my create an open source project and they might create a lot of market awareness through that. I think that’s an excellent way to achieve a lot of people being familiar with your approach to things. I also think, we went the route of defining a new standard which has been successful in terms of being picked up by all the major browser vendors; they all have websocket in there now. And so we are very honored to being a part of that process to help create the websocket standard, but that takes a while. So that takes a while in terms of business, in terms of a young company, sustaining themselves while that’s playing out, to put themselves in a strong position for being so highly relevant as that plays out. So there maybe other better ways to do that more efficiently and in a more timely manner. But I think that having come through it and now being on the other side of it obviously, it’s a great place to be now, it just takes some time.Martin: Okay. John, thank you very much for your time. And next time you want to start a company try to res olve your biggest pain because I am pretty sure thousands of other people will have the same problem and might be willing to pay for it. Thank you very much. Thank you, John.John: You’re welcome.

Analysis of the Poem “Africa” by David Diop Within the...

Analysis of the poem â€Å"Africa† by David Diop within the context of Anthills of the Savannah. Chapter 10 of Anthills of the Savannah, entitled, impetuous son, opens with a stanza from David Diop’s poem Africa, which is where the title of the chapter gets its name from, and from my initial instinct, is the key phrase in the poem, but the key question is what does this poem have to do with the social context of the story other than the fact that its named after the continent in which anthills is set. I also assume that this poem has some sort of relation to Ikem’s Hymn to the sun earlier on in the play. Focusing for a moment on the word ‘story’, I notice that this poem has an element of the notion of storytelling within it, right from the†¦show more content†¦One question however, is, who is the slave driver? Or should I say, who is the poet referring to as the slave driver, and is it the same person or people within the context of the story? In performing some research into the poem and David Diop, I found out he was a revolutionary writer, focusing on the colonial period and the freeing of the African nations from the clutches of the European colonists, he also died in 1960, before many of the colonies were freed, and the dictatorships sprang up, so obviously through the poem he is referring to the colonialists as the slave drivers, but this is manipulated in the context of Anthills, to be His Excellency and the government, who live in luxury whilst the majority of the population live in poor, almost slave like conditions. The eponymous name of the chapter, â€Å"impetuous son† relates to the line in the poem, â€Å"impetuous son, that tree young and strong†, a line which holds significance within the story of anthills, because it symbolizes His Excellency and it is where I believe the poem links back to the Hymn to the sun. Impetuous can be defined as impulsive, done without care, or even violent. And the word son, could synonymously and characteristically stand in for the word sun, which relates to the â€Å"undying eye of god† the deadly African sun that is destroying the country, but in the poem, literally takes the form of His Excellency since â€Å"son† is

Ursury Laws Essay - 696 Words

Usury laws are set to cap the interest rates on loans. Elizabeth Warren argues that we should we should return to using these laws. Both Consequentialism and the social contract theory can provide similar viewpoints on this issue. Each one provides strengths and weaknesses in regards to these laws. Usury laws are regulations governing the amount of interest that can be charged on a loan. They specifically target the practice of charging excessively high rates on loans by setting caps on the maximum amount of interest that can be levied. These laws are designed to protect consumers. Consequentialism is the normative ethical theory that says that an act is morally right just because it produces the best actual or expected results. Social†¦show more content†¦Since there would be a cap on interest, they would not be able to raise the interest rates for those with bad credit or those who cannot make their payments on time. As for a consumer, implementing these laws would greatly help them out. By capping the interest, the fear for going in debt or filing for bankruptcy would greatly decrease. From a social contract theory standpoint, enforcing these laws would have to make lenders agree to put caps on their interest rates. I believe that this would also reduce the competition of lenders trying to get those that are financially troubled. For the consumer, when they enter into a lending contract it would benefit them as well giving them peace of mind knowing that they can get a loan without interest gouging. However social contract theory recognizes that people are rational, so consumer would have to understand the fact they would have to pay their debts on time etc. The only really weakness that I see between the two is the fact that Social contract theory relies on people to be rational across the board. When money is concerned, people tend to be irrational and not make morally right decisions. This can be with both the lender and the consumer. I would hav e to whole heartedly agree with Elizabeth Warren on the fact that Usury laws should be brought back. Consequentialism would be the best option on this topic. I

Federal Government Chapter Notes Free Essays

Had each colony make their own constitution Popular sovereignty was referenced a lot Belief that the gobo exists to benefit the govern Citizens have the right to change/overthrow the gobo Created a Republic form of covet Representative Citizens elect people to represent them 2nd Established our first governing doc. Articles of Confederation Lasted 1781-1789 was written in 1777 Purposely kept the national gobo weak Created a Unicameral Congress 1 House/ Congress Each state had one vote Delegates were chosen by state legislature What covet could do under AC Conduct Foreign Affairs Wage War Could create postal service Borrow money Determine the value of money What the Natal covet couldn’t do under AC Power to enforce policies on states Federal covet couldn’t collect taxes Congress realizes they need to create a new doc. Philadelphia, May-Swept 187 55 delegates were there Every state other than Rhode Island Meet at the Constitutional Convention Two mall Ideas came out Virginia Plan by James Madison . We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Government Chapter Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now How to cite Federal Government Chapter Notes, Papers

Federal Government Chapter Notes Free Essays

Had each colony make their own constitution Popular sovereignty was referenced a lot Belief that the gobo exists to benefit the govern Citizens have the right to change/overthrow the gobo Created a Republic form of covet Representative Citizens elect people to represent them 2nd Established our first governing doc. Articles of Confederation Lasted 1781-1789 was written in 1777 Purposely kept the national gobo weak Created a Unicameral Congress 1 House/ Congress Each state had one vote Delegates were chosen by state legislature What covet could do under AC Conduct Foreign Affairs Wage War Could create postal service Borrow money Determine the value of money What the Natal covet couldn’t do under AC Power to enforce policies on states Federal covet couldn’t collect taxes Congress realizes they need to create a new doc. Philadelphia, May-Swept 187 55 delegates were there Every state other than Rhode Island Meet at the Constitutional Convention Two mall Ideas came out Virginia Plan by James Madison . We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Government Chapter Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now How to cite Federal Government Chapter Notes, Papers

Master of Puppets by Metallica free essay sample

The Master of Metal Master of Puppets. It may be the greatest album ever done by Metallica. It was produced by Metallica and Flemming Rasmussen. The record label was Elektra, but it later merged with Asylum to become Elektra/Asylum Records. The only single from Master of Puppets, the album, was Master of Puppets, the song. The track listing for the album is as follows; â€Å"Battery†, â€Å"Master of Puppets†, â€Å"The Thing That Should Not Be†, â€Å"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)†, â€Å"Disposable Heroes†, â€Å"Leper Messiah†, â€Å"Orion†, and â€Å"Damage, Inc.†. In the digital reissue, there were two bonus tracks that happened to be the live versions of â€Å"Battery† and â€Å"The Thing That Should Not Be† from a concert in Seattle in 1989. Most of the lyrics are focused on violence and the corruptness of many government institutions, including the military, and the rage associated with this corruption. It is i n the style of thrash metal, which may be categorized as fast and heavy guitar, bass, drums, and low-pitched vocals. We will write a custom essay sample on Master of Puppets by Metallica or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The music just sounds angry and it would be the music of a head-hunter. All of songs just sound very Metallica-ish. The album artwork is a graveyard full of white crosses in an unkempt field. There is an infantry helmet on the right arm of the front and left-most cross. Connected to all of the crosses are strings that lead to large, blood red hands hovering above. I would recommend downloading the album immediately, no regrets or second thoughts are guaranteed, rest assured. I think anyone can enjoy it, but the people that will enjoy it the most are people that need to let out some hidden rage or people that are upset or angry about the system. The album really is great though. Seriously, one has to listen to it to experience the whole truth and awesomeness of the album. It is hard to put the blazing shredding of the guitar into words. Even though it was released in 1986, it is timeless. It will never go out of style. ? Works Cited Master of Puppets. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation , 17 Nov. 2013. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. .

Noncompliance in Patients essays

Noncompliance in Patients essays The advances in medical science now allow people to live longer than ever before. With the treatments and medications available people who used to only live a few months with chronic illness are now living for years and within those years having active lives. It is an amazing breakthrough and one that promises to keep moving forward however, with those advances come some issues. One of the things that health professionals are dealing with is the problem with non compliant patients with regard to taking medications as directed. Non compliant patients are that way for many reasons. Sometimes they are non compliant because they start to feel a little better and believe they no longer need the medication. This can be a common issue among the mentally ill and is a significant issue with diagnosed schizophrenics. Other times patients may be non compliant because the medications they are supposed to take have side effects that they do not want to deal with. Whether the medication causes ext reme fatigue, nausea, dizziness or other physical manifestations many patients believe the side effects are not worth the potential benefits of the medication and stop taking the medication. In other instances noncompliance may come from a misguided decision by the patient to try and hasten their own death so they will not be a burden on their family and in still other cases noncompliance may just be forgetfulness or lack of maturity and responsibility on the part of the patient. Whatever reason there is for a patients noncompliance it is important for the health care professionals to work with the patient and if needed intervene so that the medication will be properly administered to the patient. This is not only for the safety and well being of the patient but in cases such as Tuberculosis it also becomes a public safety factor. In looking at the issue of non compliant patients one can examine the drug AdvancePCS which is a drug commonly prescri...

Strolling Down the [AV]

Strolling Down the [AV] Strolling Down the [AV] Strolling Down the [AV] By Maeve Maddox Just when I thought I’d developed a thicker skin regarding linguistic innovation! I was listening to classical music on my local NPR station the other morning when the DJ launched into some public service announcements. The first time she said [av] for avenue I wasn’t sure I’d heard correctly, but then she mentioned another address that included the word avenue. Again she said [av]. And then, leaving no doubt whatever, she pronounced a third address as Central [av]. Say it isn’t so! I need the help of you readers on this one. Googling won’t help me figure out if this is a trend or merely a local aberration. Please let me know if you have heard anyone pronounce the abbreviated form of Avenue as anything other than [ÄÆ'vÉ™-nÃ… «] or [ÄÆ'vÉ™-nyÃ… «] For the record, avenue, abbreviated Ave. or Av., came into the language as a military term meaning â€Å"a way of approach.† Now it refers to a wide street lined with trees or, in some cases, a street having a planted median. In British usage an avenue is the roadway leading from the gate to the front of a country house, like the lovely tree-shaded approach to Manderly in the movie Rebecca. I suppose I shouldn’t be too astonished. The word versus, abbreviated vs. or v. is now universally pronounced [vee]. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)Empathy "With" or Empathy "For"?150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

Respons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respons - Essay Example They will still have the same health problems and mortality rate as heavy smokers (Nagourney, 2006). Another risky behavior due to technological advancement is using phones while walking on the streets. Lately, distracted driving has been getting much attention than pedestrians who walk and send messages at the same time, but it is equally dangerous. Distracted walking, which is usually caused by an electronic devices is an increasing problem that occurs when one is trying to multi task. In this mobile phone era, there is an increase in accidents caused by cell phone users (Ritchel, 2010). According to Ritchel in his New York Times article, more than a thousand pedestrians were admitted in 2010 in the emergency rooms due to accidents that occurred while they were on their mobile devices. There is growing perception among young people that single tasking is a waste of time and unproductive and this makes them use phones while walking on the streets. Cell phone conversations demands not just auditory concentration, but the individual also tries to visualize the conversation thus obscuring the surrounding environment the individual is in. Accidents that occur when one is distracted by an electronic device are usually embarrassing since they could easily be

Capital Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example The final results were seven votes for Georgia Supreme Court and two votes against. The court in a seven to two decision stated that a death penalty did not violate the Eight and the Fourteenth Amendment under all circumstances. In extreme cases, when the defendant has been convicted of killing another person in a deliberate fashion, the appropriateness of death penalty is robust, provided it is carefully employed. There was an assurance of death penalty statute in Georgia’s Supreme Court by several jury findings as associated with the severity of the crime and the nature of the defendant as well as a comparison with each of the circumstances of the capital sentences. The court stated that capital punishment imposition with careful scrutiny acted as a useful deterrent to future capital crimes and that it was a proper means of the social retribution against the most serious offenders (Gregg v. Georgia, 1975). If the main concept behind death penalty is to put the dead person to justice, then no form of genteel behavior should be shown to the condemned person. â€Å"If our motive in executions is revenge or even instant punishment, let's let the bastards suffer as much as possible. â€Å"Let them fry," as some proponents of capital punishment say. Why bother to put them to sleep?† (R.E.B., 1996, p.2) It is also stated in the article that Americans favor capital punishment even if by a small margin. It must also be mentioned that there were some instances where seven innocent men were awarded the sentence but were set free after spending considerable time in prison (R.E.B., 1996, p.2). In a separate case of McCleskey v. Kemp (1987), McClesky was a black man who was convicted of killing... This essay describes the controversial issue of the capital punishment that is present in modern society today. The researcher describes the history of the capital punishment in different countries and cultures as well as debates on the necessity of such possibility. The researcher states that death sentence is an arguable phenomenon in our times, but it can become the only form of imparting justice in some rarest of the events. Though it may appear immoral and uncivilized in the high tech society of today, it helps in sending a strong message to the society. In some cases, the capital punishment also helps in relieving the inmate of the agony to wait for years deciding his fate. The essay presents that there are instances where people had begged to be executed as a form of moral liberation for their sins, and in of the cases discussed in this essay by the researcher, there is an instance of pure discrimination. As it is also mentioned in the essay as the highest form of all punishme nts, the jury needs to be extremely careful in awarding its sentences. It is important that no innocent must be killed for the sake of protecting the law. Justice must be done fairly at all times, considering both the defendant and the prosecution sides. It is also concluded by the researcher that death sentences are awarded to cleanse the society of social evils. It is also important to remember that the jury needs to ensure that it does not send a wrong signal to the society by building a silent anger amongst the people.

Appealing Americas Commitment to the War through Triumph of the Will a

Appealing America's Commitment to the War through Triumph of the Will and Why We Fight These films were arts of propaganda, which is the attempt to control the beliefs and behaviors of people in times of crisis. This was the goal of each film, to try to persuade the world by the use of powerful film propaganda of different points of view. The film Triumph of the Will expressed how Hitler and his people wanted the world to see them. The main goal here was to encourage membership in the nazi party by emphasizing mass accommodation, mass gatherings, and above all collectiveness. The film Why we Fight: Prelude to war on the other hand wanted to make America aware of why they had to become involved in WWII. The film describes the events that led up to WWII. The escalation of Japanese militarism and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy are also explored. This series of films was created by the US War Department to appeal to Americans' commitment to the War. The most effective element of each film to me was the use of visuals/images in the scenes and the use of sound (music etc.) The reason is that in both films in order to really get the point across the use of the images were very specific, to make their audience really believe what they wanted to portray. In Triumph of the Will for example the use of the images of Hitler's plane emerging like he is God from the sky. Also the use of the shots of Hitler from the windows and him acknowledging the crowd, and mainly th...

Mfn Status to India

MFN to India– The Pakistani Perspective Research Paper 2012 Zoya Mohsin Awan BBA2K9(s) 4/24/2012 Hatred, enmity, war; a few of the many things we associate with our neighboring country India. 1965, 1975 and the Kargil War of 1999; with Kashmir already a bone of contention, Pakistan has skipped loops by merely bringing thought of granting Most Favored Nation Status to India on the discussion table. Since WTO’s Charter requires every signatory to grant MFN status to other WTO members, there aren’t many if’s and but’s to ponder.What really is open for debate is whether we want to swallow the pill now, on our terms, or later when it might be forced down our throats on somebody else’s terms (India still hasn’t taken the violation of this basic principle to WTO). No matter which stance we chose, one thing is certain; this is the deal which defines the future course of Pakistan. And this is the deal which might be our chance of actually becom ing what we have the potential to become – ‘Pakistan’. Introduction: Pakistan and India have been under the lime-light ever since the partition of the sub-continent.During the 1960’s, Pakistan was labeled the ‘Asian tiger’ while India the ‘Basket Case’. Today however, the roles have been reversed. Through-out this period, the Indo-Pak trade kept showing a varied trend to the negative side as shown by the figure below: The volume of trade has remained low generally. MFN works towards the liberalization of trade which not only would give a forward momentum to the integration of both countries economically, but would also enhance their image on the international platform.Cheaper cost of production, exchange of skilled labor, education influx and the interest of the US and European economy into this region would help give the once coveted status of South Asia, back to the forces who originated it. Hence, a carefully reconciled MFN sta tus should be granted to India in order to achieve the long-term prosperity of our country. The Economic Perspective: After going through a large array of material debating this issue, two schools of thoughts generally emerge; the protagonists, who support the idea of non-discriminatory trade between both countries.And the antagonists, who believe such a measure, would only harm the economy by letting free-flow of cheaper Indian goods into the Pakistani market and well, narrow our options down on the Kashmir issue. The former debates, that by doing so not only do we get access to a potential market which is 8 to 9 times greater than ours, but it also gives us a dependable foundation of mutual dependence to minimize the security concerns across the border.India is swooping rooks and pawns off the economic chess board towards becoming the third biggest economy of the world, before it leads us up to a stalemate, this situation could be put to advantage for both countries. After all, In dia cannot keep prospering in a sustained manner if it neighbored by a nation terrorized by political and economic destabilization. So it would be an opportune time for Pakistan to bask in India’s glory. Practically speaking, this is the only way we could work towards a productive political debate for both the countries especially since the environmental strain after Mumbai attacks of 2008.After all, a long-standing peace arrangement can only nurture, if it contains within the deeply ingrained seed of mutual benefit. On the other hand, the antagonists argument that this ‘free-trade’ would open the floodgates to cheaper Indian products which in turn could harm Pakistan’s economy majorly. However, this could be a positive impact upon the Pakistani consumer since they gain access to imported Indian goods at a lower price. We also have Taiwan, Hong Kong and even China who are on our MFN list and have bombarded us with fierce competition in the past.Yet if our industries did not cave in to them and withheld own-selves then why fear India? Besides, if the Pakistani market demands a particular good from India, MFN status or not, it would be smuggled cross border anyway so why not legalize it to perk our own interests. Take the example of the Indian Cinema, years and years of culture seeped through the media towards us, while the Wagha Border remained bolted shut. The only issue here is, the Pakistani tax-payer is paying far more than it usually would have due to the added layers of cost of go-between trade via Dubai.Conversely, this news has drawn a mixed reaction from all the quarters of the business community. Some, like the auto-parts, pharmaceuticals and consumer goods industries, face hard-hitting competition. They fear that India is yielding better quality goods at a lower cost of production due to the economies of scale. On the other hand, industries like textile, entertainment and agriculture are in favor of granting the Most Favore d Nation status to India.These industries argue that trade estimated trade of almost $13 billion with India is being carried out illegally via cross-border smuggling and personal baggage. Also, indirect trade of an approximate worth of aroung $3-4 billion via third parties like UAE, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh is costing us a higher mark-up since the intermediary adds up their cost as well. So it is better to legitimize this ongoing process and reap some probable gain out of this situation. In support of this argument, I quote the former Finance Minister of Pakistan and Vice President of the World Bank, Shahid Javed Burki: what economics told us is that when trade between a huge and small economy started, smaller economy always benefited from that and what I believe that at macro level Pakistan would benefit, especially in industrial and agricultural sectors. Some sectors might get hurt, but not much as feared. † Published in The Express Tribune, April 3rd, 2012. Free-trade sp urs competitiveness which would encourage our local industries to raise their standards and produce quality goods. It has never really hurt any country and all the benefits from recent experience in the European Union, Asian etc, are there for everyone to see.It would in fact take a page from the book of John Locke by helping us attain a common ground of mutual-coexistence and economic interdependence to rely upon. The Regional Perspective: South East Asia by abroad-spectrum consensus is the least integrated of regions economically due to the disparity and animosity between Pakistan and India. Regional cooperation is must to attract heavy investment in today’s globalised world. Diminutive and splintered markets do not attract endowment by substantial investors.The European Union may be struggling to save the euro but one of Europe’s most significant successes is the creation of the frontier-free single market where goods, services and people can circulate untrammeled b y border restrictions. Similarly, Association of South East Asian Markets (ASEAN) is working towards building a common market for the whole region by following the European Union’s lead. It is high time India and Pakistan set aside their differences (or at least take small steps towards resolving them) for the overall welfare of the whole region.If we create an economic bloc like the sorts of EU or Middle-East, it would ensure a better bargaining position vis-a-vis other countries. Within the protective walls of regional economies, both countries would achieve specialization in various sub-sectors of the industry. Moreover, the strengthening of bilateral trade would provide a mutual cushion against financial or stock market shocks. With these two countries forging into one economic power, all of South Asia could become a better place monetarily.Another aspect of the MFN status would be to increase the ‘connectivity with central Asia’. If Indian goods are permitte d to transit through Pakistan, then the whole region will benefit. For illustration, the Indian state of Punjab is several thousand kilometers away from the seaports, but the farmers there and in the nearby states would be able to send their agricultural products to Central Asia if these are allowed freely through Pakistan. Same goes for Indian textiles and all the landlocked states which would be facilitated by their proximity to the Pakistani ports.The advent of MFN status will also help complete the implementation of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline, as a new environment of trust and cooperation prevails. Even more significantly, natural gas via pipeline will provide the Indian and energy deprived Pakistani industry with a massive boost in sectors ranging from petrochemicals to fertilizers; electric power production will increase dramatically' and a myriad of new commercial uses will be supported. In return Pakistan could profit from the easy transi t fee that it would receive as a royalty and it would only be possible if MFN status is rendered toIndia. Social Perspective: Trade is one social mobilizer which would generate benefits for both countries as well as their people. Talking about Pakistan singularly, 61. 3% of the people (according to the HDI reports) in Pakistan live below the poverty line. With a 15. 4% unemployment rate, Pakistan should not forego any opportunity that provides job opportunities to its masses. Poverty is but a challenge that can be overcome by pursuing ‘sustained pro-poor’ policies. One such policy is the granting of MFN status to India and lifting the trade barriers across border.India is a huge market and would provide a smaller country like Pakistan with access to a greater market and increase the demand for their product. This in turn would hoist the output and employment levels in both countries. Secondly, Since India shares a border with us, the freight cost and ease of access woul d increase the flow of a diverse product base at a lower cost, saving our country’s foreign exchange substantially. Pakistan could have entree to quality products in sectors like IT, electronics, transport gear etc.Thirdly, this legitimization might curb social atrocities like smuggling and illicit trade. This would increase the government revenue for Pakistan since all the goods would be traded under their accord. Another faucet where India surpasses many others in this region is its IT infrastructure. India is expected to contain the next Silicon Valley of the century considering its growth in the IT sector. Pakistan could benefit immensely from the inflow of this technology while India could gain advantage by the progress Pakistan has made in its agriculture and industry.Both countries could complement each other’s needs and strengths and hence prove beneficial to their people. The Cultural Perspective: With the advent of the prospect of MFN policy, both countries h ave started aiming towards more amiable business conditions hence easier visa-processing procedures have been bought on the discussion table since November 14, 2011. This would invigorate the static tourism industry between both countries. Both have many historical and religious places significant to the other.This would not only generate additional foreign exchange revenue, it would also help increase the people-to-people contact between both countries. Eventually, once the masses start interacting, peace would follow automatically between both regions. Generally, the relations between once brethren Pakistani and Indians are cordial and friendly. A common example would be how well Pakistani’s and Indian’s gel when they’re living abroad, out of the influence of their respectively acrid media’s. Delegations of trade bodies, academics, artists, sportsmen, social scientists and media personnel could be exchanged.This would invoke the once unbreakable cultura l bond between both nations considering how much value we place upon common games like cricket and hockey. Threats and Concerns: Although the benefits of granting the inevitable MFN status to India are tremendous, every step Pakistan takes should be guarded and well-thought of. There is no harm in protecting one’s own-self against any potential threats that might occur due to any hasty move we make, after all there are years of enmity that we need to overcome before taking huge steps.Firstly, WTO provisions allow members to impose safeguards restricting imports (for temporary periods) should such imports unfairly or seriously injure domestic producers. Pakistan should rightfully use this clause in case Indian goods start flooding the Pakistani market and ruin local producers. After all, trade should be liberalized but not at the cost of local industries. The second issue that should be considered is that India, despite its liberalization of trade to Pakistan in 1993, is still a restricting domain to us due to high tariff and non-tariff barriers.Prohibitive NTB’s have made our exports to India highly expensive while the trade deficit tilts highly towards Pakistan. We should bring this issue on the WTO summits and appeal to India to either reduce these NTB’s and other trade restricting clauses or grant a similar status quo to India. Pakistan’s business community generally has reservations because it does not have competitive pricing in many industries and goods. The automotive and pharmaceutical industries are prime examples of apprehension at granting India access to our market.In order to maintain local stabilization, we need to have all stakeholders to this situation aboard before we chalk out any definitive plan. Concessions should be granted to concerned parties for instance, the automobile industry should be assured that auto-parts would be imported instead of wholly assembled cars. Unbridled, unmanaged and uncontrolled liberali zation of trade would lead to chaos in any economy huge or small. Or policies could be formulated in such a way that they would be strict at first (as India’s’ have been since 1993) and then slowly tighten the nose and India shows signs of economic conciliation.Conclusion: In retrospect, is it really possible for Pakistan to identify India with bilateral economic prosperity, cross-border trade of culture, and easier visa transit? Political differences between India and Pakistan aside, there is no harm in trading with each other. Our leaders must take into consideration long-term benefits. India has a much better managed economy, but it cannot afford openness. On the other hand, Pakistan’s economy is not so closed, and it could take advantage in this regard.Pakistan, like other developing countries, has strong interest in the maintenance and strengthening of the multilateral rules-based trading system represented by the WTO. The current situation in South Asia in dicates that there are large unexploited opportunities for intra-regional trade that could be mutually beneficial. Diplomatic efforts towards this objective — however utopian, is well perceived to be the beginning of soft-ties between both countries. After all, it is said that where diplomacy ends the potential for war begins to take shape.Bibliography 1) Beteille, T. (2011). Pakistan’s Most Favored Nation Status to India: A Win-Win for the Region? blogs. worldbank. org . 2) Brown, C. (2006). The Implications of Liberalization of Trade with India. 3) Dr Monnoo, Kamal (2012). MFN status to India – An analysis! www. nation. com. pk. 4) Gupta, Sorojit. (2012). Pakistan to grant MFN status to India this year. www. timesofindia. com. 5) Dawn Newspaper and Articles. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. ishtiaqahmad. com/item_display. aspx? isting_id=725&listing_type= 1 [ 2 ]. http://blogs. worldbank. org/endpovertyinsouthasia/pakistan%E2%80%99s-most-favored-nation-status-india-win-win-region [ 3 ]. http://www. eastasiaforum. org/2011/12/03/what-the-most-favoured-nation-decision-means-for-india-and-pakistan/ [ 4 ]. http://www. himalmag. com/component/content/article/3644-magic-pipes. html [ 5 ]. http://nayyab. wordpress. com/2010/05/08/rising-unemployment-in-pakistan/ [ 6 ]. http://www. aninews. in/newsdetail2/story22210/india-welcomes-trade-ties-with-pak-eyes-mfn-visa-easing-process. html

My Bloody Life, By Randall Shelden, Sharon Tracy, And...

The Book, My Bloody Life, the Making of a Latin King by Reymundo Sanchez is sad, horrifying and eye opening. Consequently, it makes a person think about the role of society and the social reasons or theories that can explain involvement in gangs or gang activity. I think there may be several theories used to explain involvement in gangs, but I think the best theory used to explain why there are gangs is the â€Å"control or social bond theory†. Sanchez illustrates several instances of this theory throughout his book. I will discuss some of these instances and show how they are an example of control/social bond theory. Furthermore, the book, Youth Gangs in American Society by Randall Shelden, Sharon Tracy, and William Brown (2013) discusses several theories about why people join gangs. One theory that I think especially fits the explanation as to why people join gangs, with regards to this book, is the control/social bond theory. Shelden et al define control/social bong theory as â€Å"when a youth’s, bonds or ties, to society are weak or broken, especially with family, school and other institutions, when this occurs, a youth is apt to seek bonds with other groups, including gangs, in order to get his or her needs met†(p 193). I think so many groups in society let this boy down in My Bloody Life, including his family, the school system and even the police. Consequently with his ties to society so weak, he reached out to a gang that gave him a sense of comfort and belonging. To